6.5 Grammar in Use

This letter is full of choices (“I could have done X, but I chose Y”) and advice (“you should…”). So we focus on connectors of contrast, modals of advice, and the form of an informal letter.

1. Connectors of contrast

To show that two ideas pull in opposite directions, we use contrast connectors: but, although, though, even though, however, whereas, instead of.

  • He could have settled abroad, but he chose to serve in India.
  • Although he had easier options, he picked the hardest path.
  • Instead of chasing wealth, he worked for the farmers.

Note: although / though begin a clause with a subject and verb; instead of is followed by a noun or an -ing form.

Practice. Join with the connector given:

  1. He could have joined the army. He chose dairy work. (but)
  2. He was famous. He stayed humble. (although)
  1. He could have joined the army, but he chose dairy work.
  2. Although he was famous, he stayed humble.

2. Modals of advice and obligation

A grandfather giving advice naturally uses modals: should, ought to, must, could, would.

  • should / ought to — advice: You should live with integrity.
  • must — strong necessity: We must help others.
  • could / would — possibility / past habit: He would often visit the farmers.

Practice. Choose the best modal:

  1. You ___ always be honest. (advice)
  2. We ___ waste the gift of life. (strong “do not”)
  1. should (ought to)   2. must not

3. The informal (personal) letter

Because this chapter is a letter, learn the parts of an informal letter:

  • Address and date (top right).
  • Salutation / greeting: Dear Siddharth,
  • Body: the message, in friendly, personal language, usually a few short paragraphs.
  • Closing: With love, / Yours affectionately,
  • Name / signature.

Quick check An informal letter (to family or friends) is warm and personal, using “I” and “you” and friendly closings like With love. A formal letter (to officials) is polite and businesslike, closing with Yours faithfully / sincerely. Know which one a question asks for.

Practice. Which closing suits a letter to your grandfather: Yours faithfully or Yours affectionately?

Yours affectionately — it is an informal letter to a family member.